One of the largest groups of musician requested all over Europe were the Italians. They were represented at every important court and shaped the musical style also in Northern Europe.
This program compares works of Italian composers who lived all the time in their home country with those whose creators where influenced by their places of residence outside of Italy.
The evolution of violin music in Northern Europe – at the beginning mostly under Italian influence – liberated itself very fast to a so called Stylus Phantasticus. The violin sonatas got harmonically and technically more ambitious, but never forgot their roots in the Italian style.
Virtuosic Variations and onomatopoetic experiments make this kind of music pleasing not only to the former listener.
This program is intended to show the violinistic style at three central courts.
At the beginning we are in the year 1638 at the imperial court in Vienna. Carlo Farina finds his last job in the chapel of Empress Dowager Eleonora before he died probably a year later. Antonio Bertali, on the other hand, was allowed to spend most of his life in Vienna. In these first years in the directories he is still called instrumentalist, his appointment as Kapellmeister took place over 10 years later.
Giovanni Buonaventura Viviani also tried to gain a foothold in Vienna, but first he followed his older cousin Antonio Maria Viviani to the princely court in Innsbruck in the 1650s. Giovanni Antonio Pandolfi Mealli devotes one of his sonatas to this cousin, who was employed with both under Archduke Ferdinand Karl.
In 1678 two musicians met in Salzburg, whose two traces can be proved in the preceding years in the Bohemian part of the Habsburg Empire. Georg Muffat becomes organist at the archiepiscopal court; the violinist Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber, who has been in Salzburg for some time, becomes Vice-Kapellmeister. It is not proven whether they have met before or they have played together the Violin Sonata written by Muffat, but it seems to be very likely.
Without a doubt Venice was one of the strongholds of Italian music. With his new way of music printing Ottaviano dei Petrucci provided the basis for an important music publishing center in the 16th and 17th century. Musical masterpieces by composers from all over Italy were printed for a wide variety of instrumentation – many of them also for the violin.
We go on a journey starting in 1585 until the end of the next century to explore possibilities and impossibilities of Venetian type-printed music.